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Science & Technology: Spreading the word

Bought any good books lately? While recent best-sellers such as J K Rowling's The Order of the Phoenix had eager buyers queuing outside bookshops, a group of dedicated internet users had other ideas. Just 18 hours after publication, a free electronic copy was available in an online chat room, where it joined the preceding four titles. Since downloaded many thousands of times, the pirated copy has also spread fast through peer-to-peer technology and web sites. But unlike music or movies, which are easily copied, the effort involved in pirating the 766-page book was considerable. Each page had to be scanned, converted to text, and proof-read.

According to Envisional, a Cambridge-based company that specialises in internet monitoring, online book pirates are like "kindly digital librarians" - they'll lend you a book forever, and recommend many others. But unlike public libraries, the authors will never get royalties based on the book borrowing figures. Neither do the librarians charge the customers; it's a totally free - and illegal - resource.

"These are people who love to read and love others to read," said David Price at Envisional. The company's specialist software continually surfs the net, looking for corporate copyright violations, and has been tracking book piracy. "There's little rush among book pirates to have the latest new release available for download as soon as possible. The Order of the Phoenix was an exception. Typically, a pirate will read a book, like it, copy it, and share it."

Around half the top 10 hardback and paperback fiction books have been pirated. Non-fiction appears less popular, though current best- sellers including Dr Atkins' New Diet Revolution and Bill Bryson's A Short History of Nearly Everything are freely available.

Unlike music-swapping, which is brazenly carried out on popular peer- to-peer file sharing applications such as Kazaa, Gnutella and WinMX, most book piracy is hidden away in Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and newsgroups. There appear to be only a few hundred active pirates, but their illegal activities are growing.

They're copying science fiction, fantasy and pulp-fiction detective novels, plus less popular and out-of-print titles. Dr Price said: "We've found more than 25,000 copyrighted books that have been pirated and made available to anyone on the internet."

The main source of pirated books is Internet Relay Chat channels (rooms) that are easy to find. Audio books are also widely pirated as MP3 files. IRC client software is just another download to your PC, and learning to participate is easy. One of the most popular chat programs is mIRC.

Once there, you find a constant buzz of people offering, requesting and downloading books. You can search for books and automatically receive details of how to obtain your choice from several pirates.

Readability is an important question here. One reader says that a laptop with a well-presented PDF in portrait mode is like a hardback. Handhelds are also contenders, while another option is use audio books (MP3 files) or a text-to-speech package.

But why? Paperbacks cost less than a CD. So what's the point in book piracy? Some pirates believe that information should be free irrespective of copyright, while others are just collectors. Some try to make money. Computer enthusiasts like books in electronic formats, despite the reading drawbacks. And there's also the thrill of evading detection.

Chatroom users hide their identities behind nicknames. Envisional's monitoring work has noted students, a web designer, programmers, a farmer and several full-time mothers. "Book pirates don't like attracting attention to themselves, for fear of action against them or the places where books are available," said Dr Price.

An anonymous approach produced some explanations. In a chatroom I visited, one said: "Some of what we do (a lot actually) is to preserve old out- of-print editions." Another user, called SongBookz, added: "Others may read some books by an author and decide they can't wait till the rest of that author's books are scanned and go out and buy them.

Yet another user added: "Lots of old sci-fi books haven't been in print for years." To which SongBookz added: "Whether they buy the books they download or buy other books, readers tend to be book- buyers no matter what - most feel they can never have enough books."

"For most authors," yet another agreed, "the greatest problem is obscurity." The pirates feel that by making all the books available, they are keeping them alive - rather like the group in Fahrenheit 451 who kept books alive by committing them to memory in a world where books had been banned.

It's interesting, too, that attempts to sell conventional books in electronic format have mostly bombed. But the lawyers suggest identifying book pirates quickly and depriving people of the opportunity to make unlawful downloads. Neil Blair, solicitor at the Christopher Little Literary Agency, agents to J K Rowling, monitors the internet, identifies pirates and tries to stop them. Hundreds of illegal Harry Potter book files been found and removed worldwide. Most are in the UK or US but translations in Germany, East Europe and the Far East were located too.

Blair believes there's an important distinction between genuine fans posting fan fiction and the book pirates. "The piracy of books, including Harry Potter, is quite minimal," said Blair. "Our main aim is to protect innocent fans who may download a file only to find that it is incomplete or altered. In addition, we have a duty to protect J K Rowling's copyright." Another victim is Terry Pratchett, the British fantasy writer. His literary agent, Colin Smythe, has identified pirates in England, Bulgaria, Poland and Russia, and sought assistance from internet service providers to close them down. "All Terry Pratchett's books have been pirated including the latest, The Wee Free Men, although we've seen no drop in revenue," said Smythe.

Rob Hamadi, the head of communications at The Publishers Association, says that it's too costly for authors to protect their rights. "The publishing industry has an opportunity to address the issues before the situation becomes difficult."

"The problem of electronic book piracy represents a lot of lost sales, though it's difficult to quantify. We anticipate that financial losses will start biting in the high-value academic, legal, scientific, technical and medical book sectors first," said Hamadi, who chairs the Digital Content Forum's Cyber Crime Industry Action Group.

To combat the sale of pirated books, it's also hoped that the Government will activate a dormant clause - Section 107A - of the 1988 Copyright Designs and Patents Act. This obliges Trading Standards officers to investigate and prosecute those committing copyright offences. Together with a rapid notice and takedown mechanism, it might help bring the internet pirates to book.